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President Trump meets with Gulf leaders at the GCC summit in Riyadh on May 14, 2026 - source: Reuters
Video
Articles & Testimony
President Trump's Gulf Trip: Meeting the GCC on Day Two
In this third of several daily videos from Washington Institute scholars, David Schenker examines the implications of discussions at the Gulf Cooperation Council summit in Riyadh on the second day of President Trump's May 2025 trip to the Gulf region.
۱۴ مهٔ ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • David Schenker
Iranian presidential candidate Masoud Pezeshkian poses in front of a poster of Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei prior to Iran's 2024 presidential elections - source: Reuters
Brief Analysis
Pragmatists Open a Window in Tehran—But for How Long?
Regime officials and the Supreme Leader himself have signaled a willingness to make unprecedented concessions, but taking advantage of this opening will require careful U.S. messaging on counterterrorism, regional deterrence, and human rights.
۷ مهٔ ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Hamdi Malik
Photo of an oil facility in Iraqi Kurdistan.
Articles & Testimony
Iraqi Oil and the Iran Threat Network
Terrorist organizations are exploiting Iraq’s energy sector to the tune of billions of dollars per year, raising the need for more intensive efforts to trace how revenues are routed into oil “voucher” programs and other diversion schemes.
April 2025
◆
  • Michael Knights
An Iranian soldier wearing an IRGC uniform salutes in front of an Iranin flag - source: Reuters
Articles & Testimony
Ending Iran’s Nuclear Weapons Program Is Not Enough
Tehran cannot enjoy the economic benefits it seeks while under sanction, but some sanctions will necessarily remain in place as long as it continues sponsoring terrorism, leaving negotiators with little choice but to address issues beyond the nuclear program.
۲۵ آوریل ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Matthew Levitt
Flight deck crew issues commands to a U.S. Navy F/A-18 Super Hornet prior to launch from the carrier USS Harry S. Truman - source: Department of Defense
Maps & Graphics
Brief Analysis
Is the Houthi Threat a Checkmate for U.S. Military Logistics?
The Iran-backed militia’s disruption of Red Sea shipping is threatening America’s ability to rapidly deploy and supply its forces in the Middle East and beyond, but a combination of logistical workarounds, military measures, and diplomatic efforts may be the answer.
۲۱ آوریل ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • James E. Shepard
Brief Analysis
What a U.S.-Saudi Nuclear “Pathway” Might Mean for the Iran Talks
Rather than clearing a route to normalization with Israel, a Saudi nuclear agreement with Washington may be key to addressing Iran’s military nuclear potential and wider proliferation concerns in the region.
۱۶ آوریل ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Simon Henderson
Iranian women display their national flag at a soccer game - source: Reuters
Articles & Testimony
Trump Shouldn’t Forget the Iranian People
As nuclear talks proceed, the president should recall his past acknowledgement that respect for human rights and democracy is “an integral component of U.S. national security.”
۱۲ آوریل ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Holly Dagres
  • Azadeh Pourzand
  • Kelly Shannon
An Iranian soldier wearing an IRGC uniform salutes in front of an Iranin flag - source: Reuters
Articles & Testimony
The Narrow Path to a New Middle East: A Regional Order to Contain Iran for Good
Contrary to decades of conventional thinking, it turned out that an exceptional military campaign could damage the regime's regional standing—but now the United States must lead a similarly extraordinary civilian effort to make that change permanent.
۲ آوریل ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Dana Stroul
Articles & Testimony
A Return to Maximum Pressure: Comprehensively Countering the Iranian Regime’s Malign Activities
The Washington Institute’s director of research testifies on the Trump administration's best means of combining diplomatic, military, and congressional pressure to permanently block Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon or reconstituting its damaged regional threat network.
۱ آوریل ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Dana Stroul
The U.S. Navy aircraft carriers Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower on joint operations in the CENTCOM region - source: Department of Defense
Brief Analysis
Two Carriers in the Middle East: Implications for the Houthis, Iran, and U.S. Force Readiness
The decision to order an additional carrier strike group to the region comes amid the Trump administration’s new campaign against the Houthis and public warnings to Iran, though it could affect U.S. force readiness worldwide.
۲۷ مارس ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Elizabeth Dent
Flags of Gulf Cooperation Council countries and Turkey on display in Riyadh
Articles & Testimony
Lessons from the Middle East’s Unfinished War
Definitive conclusions about the post-October 7 environment remain elusive, but it is not too early to draw lessons and consider the problems and opportunities that may arise from the recent upheaval in 2025.
۲۵ مارس ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Michael Singh
US and Israeli military planes participate in the 2023 Juniper Oak joint exercise - source: IDF
Video
Brief Analysis
Bombing Iran's Nuclear Program: Implications of Preventive Action
Washington Institute experts discuss what challenges must be addressed in negotiating a new nuclear deal or, failing that, planning a military campaign to degrade or destroy the program.
۲۵ مارس ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Dana Stroul
  • Richard Nephew
  • Michael Eisenstadt
  • Holly Dagres
Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi greets Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov and Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Kazem Gharibabadi in Beijing in March 2025 - source: Reuters
Brief Analysis
Leveraging the Gaps in Russia and China’s Complex Relations with Iran
Far from signaling a strong trilateral alliance, their history of often transactional cooperation reveals strategic gaps that Washington can leverage to help curb Iran’s nuclear ambitions.
۲۴ مارس ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Richard Nephew
U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio waves from the steps of his official plan in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia - source: Department of State
Articles & Testimony
How to Match Ends and Means in the Middle East
To resolve crises like the Gaza war and Iran’s drive toward nuclear breakout, the Trump administration will need to rediscover the practice of statecraft and marshal the necessary allied help.
۱۹ مارس ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Dennis Ross
Brief Analysis
Are Tunisia and Iran Really Growing Closer?
Although their diplomatic and economic overtures are on the rise, bilateral ties remain largely superficial for now, indicating a shared anti-Western posture rather than risky strategic cooperation.
۱۷ مارس ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Sabina Henneberg
An Iraqi member of a Shia PMF militia
Brief Analysis
Iraq’s PMF Law Is No Substitute for Real Security Reform
The Trump administration should not be duped by the supposed “reforms” that militia leaders are considering in parliament, which threaten to turn the PMF into another Iranian “Revolutionary Guard” and keep U.S.-designated terrorists in key posts.
۱۷ مارس ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Hamdi Malik
  • Michael Knights
An F35A fighter on a night-training mission at dusk
Maps & Graphics
In-Depth Reports
Attacking Iran's Nuclear Program:
The Complex Calculus of Preventive Action
Should a negotiated deal prove elusive, policymakers will need to consider how to define a successful strike, Iran’s potential responses, and whether a strategy of prevention can be sustained.
۱۱ مارس ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Michael Eisenstadt
Articles & Testimony
Iran Could Lose Iraq
Iraqi militias and politicians alike have been walking on eggshells with Washington, suggesting that the “axis of resistance” is vulnerable to tough diplomatic and intelligence action.
۱۱ مارس ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Michael Knights
  • Hamdi Malik
Iranians shop in a Tehran market ahead of Nowruz celelbrations in 2024 - source: Reuters
Brief Analysis
Iran’s Sour National Mood Could Complicate U.S. Engagement
When it comes to fixing serious problems with the economy, energy, and other sectors, the reformists have been just as ineffective as the hardliners, eroding any legitimacy they might claim to reopen nuclear negotiations with Washington.
۶ مارس ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Patrick Clawson
Photo of an oil facility in Iraqi Kurdistan.
Articles & Testimony
Make Iraq Independent of Iranian Energy
By letting previous waivers expire, the United States can help Baghdad establish other suppliers and stand on its own feet for the first time.
۵ مارس ۲۰۲۵
◆
  • Michael Knights

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