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Articles & Testimony

A Return to Maximum Pressure: Comprehensively Countering the Iranian Regime’s Malign Activities

The Washington Institute’s director of research testifies on the Trump administration's best means of combining diplomatic, military, and congressional pressure to permanently block Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon or reconstituting its damaged regional threat network.

۱ آوریل ۲۰۲۵

Dana Stroul

The U.S. Navy aircraft carriers Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower on joint operations in the CENTCOM region - source: Department of Defense

Two Carriers in the Middle East: Implications for the Houthis, Iran, and U.S. Force Readiness

The decision to order an additional carrier strike group to the region comes amid the Trump administration’s new campaign against the Houthis and public warnings to Iran, though it could affect U.S. force readiness worldwide.

۲۷ مارس ۲۰۲۵

Elizabeth Dent

Flags of Gulf Cooperation Council countries and Turkey on display in Riyadh

Articles & Testimony

Lessons from the Middle East’s Unfinished War

Definitive conclusions about the post-October 7 environment remain elusive, but it is not too early to draw lessons and consider the problems and opportunities that may arise from the recent upheaval in 2025.

۲۵ مارس ۲۰۲۵

Michael Singh

US and Israeli military planes participate in the 2023 Juniper Oak joint exercise - source: IDF

Bombing Iran's Nuclear Program: Implications of Preventive Action

Washington Institute experts discuss what challenges must be addressed in negotiating a new nuclear deal or, failing that, planning a military campaign to degrade or destroy the program.

۲۵ مارس ۲۰۲۵

Dana Stroul
Richard Nephew
Michael Eisenstadt
Holly Dagres

Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi greets Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov and Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Kazem Gharibabadi in Beijing in March 2025 - source: Reuters

Leveraging the Gaps in Russia and China’s Complex Relations with Iran

Far from signaling a strong trilateral alliance, their history of often transactional cooperation reveals strategic gaps that Washington can leverage to help curb Iran’s nuclear ambitions.

۲۴ مارس ۲۰۲۵

Richard Nephew

U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio waves from the steps of his official plan in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia - source: Department of State

Articles & Testimony

How to Match Ends and Means in the Middle East

To resolve crises like the Gaza war and Iran’s drive toward nuclear breakout, the Trump administration will need to rediscover the practice of statecraft and marshal the necessary allied help.

۱۹ مارس ۲۰۲۵

Dennis Ross

Are Tunisia and Iran Really Growing Closer?

Although their diplomatic and economic overtures are on the rise, bilateral ties remain largely superficial for now, indicating a shared anti-Western posture rather than risky strategic cooperation.

۱۷ مارس ۲۰۲۵

Sabina Henneberg

An Iraqi member of a Shia PMF militia

Iraq’s PMF Law Is No Substitute for Real Security Reform

The Trump administration should not be duped by the supposed “reforms” that militia leaders are considering in parliament, which threaten to turn the PMF into another Iranian “Revolutionary Guard” and keep U.S.-designated terrorists in key posts.

۱۷ مارس ۲۰۲۵

Hamdi Malik
Michael Knights

An F35A fighter on a night-training mission at dusk

Maps & Graphics

In-Depth Reports

Attacking Iran's Nuclear Program:

The Complex Calculus of Preventive Action

Should a negotiated deal prove elusive, policymakers will need to consider how to define a successful strike, Iran’s potential responses, and whether a strategy of prevention can be sustained.

۱۱ مارس ۲۰۲۵

Michael Eisenstadt

Articles & Testimony

Iran Could Lose Iraq

Iraqi militias and politicians alike have been walking on eggshells with Washington, suggesting that the “axis of resistance” is vulnerable to tough diplomatic and intelligence action.

۱۱ مارس ۲۰۲۵

Michael Knights
Hamdi Malik

Iranians shop in a Tehran market ahead of Nowruz celelbrations in 2024 - source: Reuters

Iran’s Sour National Mood Could Complicate U.S. Engagement

When it comes to fixing serious problems with the economy, energy, and other sectors, the reformists have been just as ineffective as the hardliners, eroding any legitimacy they might claim to reopen nuclear negotiations with Washington.

۶ مارس ۲۰۲۵

Patrick Clawson

Photo of an oil facility in Iraqi Kurdistan.

Articles & Testimony

Make Iraq Independent of Iranian Energy

By letting previous waivers expire, the United States can help Baghdad establish other suppliers and stand on its own feet for the first time.

۵ مارس ۲۰۲۵

Michael Knights

Articles & Testimony

Here’s Why the U.S. Is No Longer the World’s Only Superpower

Mismatching objectives and means has repeatedly produced failure and undermined consensus, but Washington no longer has the luxury of bad statecraft on pressing issues like Iran’s nuclear program.

۴ مارس ۲۰۲۵

Dennis Ross

Iranian-American demonstrators hold signs at a protest in Washington, DC - source: Reuters

Why Secretary Rubio Should Provide Grant Waivers for Urgent Human Rights Work on Iran

Even a short aid freeze can do great damage to programs that are vital to pressuring the Islamic Republic, keeping Washington abreast of developments inside Iran, and ensuring the safety of those fighting for freedom on the ground.

۱۹ فوریه ۲۰۲۵

Holly Dagres

Russian President Vladimir Putin meets with Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed in 2018 - source: Reuters

A Russian Win in Ukraine Would Be a U.S. Loss in the Middle East

With preparatory peace talks in full swing and the war set to enter its fourth year, Washington must take a pragmatic approach to enlisting Arab help and ensuring that the outcome does not empower Moscow and Iran.

۱۸ فوریه ۲۰۲۵

Anna Borshchevskaya

Aerial view of the site of an Israeli-Hamas prisoner-hostage swap in Gaza in January 2025 - source: Reuters

Articles & Testimony

The Path to a Transformed Middle East: How to Keep the Peace in Gaza While Countering Iran

Very close allied coordination will be needed to strike the right balance between pursuing viable nuclear diplomacy and giving Israel the weapons and support it needs to use force against Iran if necessary.

۳ فوریه ۲۰۲۵

Dennis Ross
David Makovsky

Cover for Iran Transition Note, with images of a pen with U.S. flag, a B-52 bomber, nuclear symbols, and Iranian flag + map.

Maps & Graphics

In-Depth Reports

Policy Steps to Prevent a Nuclear Iran

Rather than choosing between diplomacy and military action, the Trump administration should think of these options as mutually supportive, sequencing its actions in hopes of achieving the best and least costly outcome.

۲۸ ژانویه ۲۰۲۵

Michael Singh

◆ Transition Notes 2025

Articles & Testimony

How Trump Can Remake the Middle East

If he uses his major regional leverage to curtail the Iranian nuclear threat and end the Gaza war, he will be well-placed to resume other important tasks that have been sitting on the back burner—including Israeli-Saudi normalization.

۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۵

Dennis Ross

Making Iran Choose Between the Bomb and Bankruptcy

The regime’s fears of new oil restrictions, simmering domestic unrest, eroding regional deterrence, and unpredictable U.S.-Israeli military action can all be leveraged to steer Khamenei away from racing toward a nuclear weapon.

۱۳ ژانویه ۲۰۲۵

Hamdi Malik

A photo illustration shows US and Iranian flags and an atomic symbol - source: Reuters

Articles & Testimony

A Last Chance for Iran

The Trump administration should give nuclear diplomacy a final shot—while preparing to use military force.

۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۵

Richard Nephew

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