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Iraq

Policy Analysis on Iraq

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Articles & Testimony
Iran Could Lose Iraq
Iraqi militias and politicians alike have been walking on eggshells with Washington, suggesting that the “axis of resistance” is vulnerable to tough diplomatic and intelligence action.
Mar 11, 2025
◆
  • Michael Knights
  • Hamdi Malik
Photo of an oil facility in Iraqi Kurdistan.
Articles & Testimony
Make Iraq Independent of Iranian Energy
By letting previous waivers expire, the United States can help Baghdad establish other suppliers and stand on its own feet for the first time.
Mar 5, 2025
◆
  • Michael Knights
Soldiers from the Texas National Guard participate in a change-of-command ceremony in Iraq - source: Department of Defense
Articles & Testimony
Iraqis Fear That Trump’s America Will Depart Once and For All
Baghdad has good reason to be concerned about the relationship’s trajectory, but that doesn’t mean Washington should proceed with troop withdrawals just yet.
Mar 4, 2025
◆
  • David Schenker
A priest leads an Easter mass at the Grand Immaculate Church in Al-Hamdaniya, Iraq, April 9, 2023 - source: Reuters
Maps & Graphics
Brief Analysis
Babylon Brigade Plans to Rig 2025 Voting in Christian Areas
An Iran-backed brigade led by a U.S.-designated human rights abuser is preparing to repeat its unfair practices and dominate local Christian voting in this year's general election.
Mar 3, 2025
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  • Yaqoub Beth-Addai
◆ Militia Spotlight
KH_Nasrallah Funeral
Maps & Graphics
Brief Analysis
Hassan Nasrallah's Funeral: Iraqi Militia Response and Attendance
Most of the top militia leaders appeared too cowed to show up, but a wide assortment of senior Iraqi "resistance" and political figures did attend, including potential future candidates for prime minister.
Feb 27, 2025
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  • Ameer al-Kaabi
  • Hamdi Malik
  • Michael Knights
◆ Militia Spotlight
Houthis show support for Qassem Soleimani and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, Yemen, 2020
Maps & Graphics
Brief Analysis
Update on Houthi Involvement in Iraq
The cessation of Houthi-Iraqi joint strikes on Israel does not mean that Houthi money-movers and trainers have gone home; more likely, they are now a permanent feature of Iraq and merit close scrutiny from counterterrorism analysts.
Feb 26, 2025
◆
  • Sary Mumayiz
  • Michael Knights
  • Hamdi Malik
◆ Militia Spotlight
Demonstrators fly a mixture of Turkish flages featuring the image of the Republic of Turkey's founder, Kemal Mustafa Ataturk, and banners depicting Kurdish militia leader Abdullah Ocalan - source: Reuters
Brief Analysis
Inside the Latest PKK Talks (Part 2): Implications for Turkish and U.S. Policy
If Ankara seals the deal and preempts potential spoilers, the results could prove historic for Turkish politics, Erdogan’s legacy, joint counterterrorism efforts, and wider U.S. regional interests.
Feb 21, 2025
◆
  • Soner Cagaptay
Karayilan, acting military commander of the PKK, speaks during an interview with Reuters at the Qandil mountains in Sulaimaniya in 2013, in front of a portrait of jailed PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan - source: Reuters
Brief Analysis
Inside the Latest PKK Talks (Part 1): Kurdish Actors and Interests
Although past peace efforts have fallen apart due to diplomatic stumbles and Kurdish opposition, the situation on the ground in Iraq, Syria, and Turkey has changed dramatically enough to warrant optimism about Ankara’s current talks.
Feb 21, 2025
◆
  • Soner Cagaptay
Mohammed Reza Nouri unsealed deposition
Maps & Graphics
Brief Analysis
Direct-Operated IRGC-QF Attack Cells in Iraq: Data Related to the Troell Case
The FBI deposition on Steven Troell’s killers and other evidence provides a closer look inside cross-militia Iraq terrorist cells operated by Iran's Qods Force and potentially linked to the facade brand Ashab al-Kahf.
Feb 19, 2025
◆
  • Michael Knights
  • Crispin Smith
◆ Militia Spotlight
A Syrian woman holds a portrait of her missing son during a protest against the Assad regime in 2012 - source: Reuters
Articles & Testimony
Models for Transitional Justice in Syria
Post-regime experiences in Iraq, Tunisia, and Libya can help officials avoid the same mistakes in Syria, from over-empowering unaccountable armed groups to delaying judicial reform and economic improvements.
Feb 18, 2025
◆
  • Mieczyslaw Boduszynski
  • Sabina Henneberg
Fatimyoun
Maps & Graphics
Brief Analysis
The Fatemiyoun/Zainabiyoun Influx: Iraq’s Intensified Hosting of Two U.S.-Designated Terrorist Groups
New data shows that Iran-backed Afghan and Pakistani terrorists are arriving at a broadening range of Iraqi military bases.
Feb 11, 2025
◆
  • Hassan al-Araji
  • Michael Knights
  • Hamdi Malik
  • Sary Mumayiz
◆ Militia Spotlight
Sudani London
Maps & Graphics
Brief Analysis
Sudani Brings Advisors to London Who Support Terrorism and Call for Attacks on U.S.-Led Coalition Forces
Figures linked to Asaib Ahl al-Haq and Kataib Hezbollah were among the Iraqi prime minister's recent UK delegation.
Feb 6, 2025
◆
  • Ameer al-Kaabi
◆ Militia Spotlight
A local resident walks in front of a sign promoting a USAID-funded project in Hebron - source: Reuters
Brief Analysis
Trump’s Foreign Assistance Review Prioritizes Funding Over Policy
Cutting aid programs is not inherently wrong—but making those cuts before assessing their specific impact on regional allies and American lives could be disastrous for U.S. policy in the Middle East.
Feb 5, 2025
◆
  • Ben Fishman
Liwa Fatimiyoun flag
Maps & Graphics
Brief Analysis
Hundreds of Iran-Backed Fatemiyoun and Zainabiyoun Terrorists Warehoused at Iraqi Government Bases
Since the fall of the Assad regime, Baghdad has provided shelter and material support to members of two U.S.-designated Afghan and Pakistani groups run by the Iranian military.
Jan 29, 2025
◆
  • Sary Mumayiz
  • Michael Knights
◆ Militia Spotlight
A Kaabi
Maps & Graphics
Brief Analysis
Iraqi Militia Leader Labels President Trump an "Idiot," Threatens U.S. Forces
U.S.-designated terrorist Akram Kaabi is projecting a sense of impunity and demonstrating little fear of the United States or its leader.
Jan 26, 2025
◆
  • Hamdi Malik
◆ Militia Spotlight
Mohammad Reza Nouri and Qassem Soleimani 2
Maps & Graphics
Brief Analysis
Iran Makes Second Effort to Recover IRGC Officer from Iraqi Custody
The regime wants Baghdad to hand over the officer who orchestrated the 2022 murder of U.S. citizen Stephen Troell—not the first time it has leveraged Iraqi militia factions to seek his release.
Jan 23, 2025
◆
  • Michael Knights
◆ Militia Spotlight
Sudani Iran 2
Maps & Graphics
Brief Analysis
PMF Non-Deployment to Save Assad: Sudani’s View Contradicted by Iran
The Iraqi prime minister portrayed Baghdad's non-intervention in Syria as a sovereign decision, but Iranian leaders gave a different explanation.
Jan 21, 2025
◆
  • Hamdi Malik
◆ Militia Spotlight
Muhandis/Soleimani
Maps & Graphics
Brief Analysis
Iraqi Militias Too Scared to Fully Commemorate Soleimani and Muhandis
In the shadow of Trump's imminent inauguration, Iran-backed terrorist groups were cautious in how they commemorated the anniversary of the January 2020 killings.
Jan 14, 2025
◆
  • Hamdi Malik
  • Michael Knights
◆ Militia Spotlight
Qais
Maps & Graphics
Brief Analysis
How Long Will Qais al-Khazali Hide in Iran?
The leader of Asaib Ahl al-Haq has been abroad for weeks, and his movements (and those of his deputies back home) are worth watching closely.
Dec 24, 2024
◆
  • Hamdi Malik
  • Michael Knights
◆ Militia Spotlight
An Iraqi member of a Shia PMF militia
Articles & Testimony
While Israel Now Wants to Go After Iraqi Militias, Trump May Not
The Hashd may already be deterred somewhat by recent events, but Trump will likely seek to maintain the pressure by withholding annual military assistance to Baghdad.
Dec 23, 2024
◆
  • David Schenker

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Linda and Tony Rubin Program on Arab Politics

The Washington Institute's Linda and Tony Rubin Program on Arab Politics focuses on social, political, and economic developments in the Arab world, with an emphasis on the Arab countries of the Levant.

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Featured experts

Michael Eisenstadt
Michael Eisenstadt
Michael Eisenstadt is the Kahn Senior Fellow and director of The Washington Institute's Military and Security Studies Program.
Michael Knights
Michael Knights
Michael Knights is the Jill and Jay Bernstein Senior Fellow at The Washington Institute and cofounder of the Militia Spotlight platform, which offers in-depth analysis of developments related to Iran-backed militias.
Bilal Wahab
Bilal Wahab
Bilal Wahab was the Nathan and Esther K. Wagner Senior Fellow at The Washington Institute.
Elizabeth Dent - source: The Washington Institute
Elizabeth Dent
Elizabeth Dent is a Senior Fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, where she focuses on U.S. foreign and defense policy toward the Gulf states, Iraq, and Syria.
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