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انرژی و اقتصاد

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In-Depth Reports

Iran's Economic Morass:

Mismanagement and Decline under the Islamic Republic

In the latter half of the 1990s, the Iranian economy faces horrendous problems: economic mismanagement, high inflation, declining living standards, a growing gap (much of it fueled by pervasive corruption) between a wealthy minority and vast impoverished majority, high rates of unemployment, an inability to significantly increase oil production (concurrent

۱ مارس ۱۹۹۷

Great Power Politics and the Azerbaijan Oil Pipeline:

The South Caspian Sea, which is adjacent to Azerbaijan, will become a significant global supplier of energy in the next decade. It has a 17.5 billion barrel proven reserve, equivalent to that of Britain's North Sea. Based on geological studies, 20-30 billion more barrels of oil could be discovered in

۲۴ فوریهٔ ۱۹۹۷

Tightening the Rules on Iraqi Oil Sales

For the United States, supporting UN Security Council Resolution 986 is a gamble. Washington hopes that the "oil-for-food" deal will be a trap that will reduce pressure to lift the rest of Iraqi sanctions, thereby thwarting Saddam Hussein's strategy to win the end of sanctions by playing on international sympathy

۱۲ دسامبر ۱۹۹۶

Patrick Clawson

The Cairo Conference in Perspective:

Lessons for the Peace Process

With the dust clearing on the public relations "spin" suggested by competing Arab, Israeli and American observers of the Middle East/North Africa Economic Conference held in Cairo two weeks ago, a detached assessment of that now-annual event would underscore the surprising durability of new regional institutions at times of political

۲۶ نوامبر ۱۹۹۶

Alan Makovsky

Run-Up to the Cairo Economic Summit:

The Cairo Economic Summit comes at an exciting time for Middle East regional cooperation. Regional countries have made substantial progress toward economic reform, including steps toward privatization and structural reform. Unfortunately, although all states in the region have a strong interest in promoting regional cooperation, only 7 percent of regional

۸ نوامبر ۱۹۹۶

Stuart Eizenstat

Economics, Politics, and Peace

The promise of Oslo evoked high expectations of reconciliation between Palestinians and Israelis. Its danger, however, lies in the mechanisms Oslo outlined to reach that reconciliation and the exaggerated expectations Oslo produced. A unique dynamic of the Oslo process is that the further one proceeds, the more difficult are the

۱۱ اکتبر ۱۹۹۶

Structural Reform, Privatization, and the Road to the Cairo Summit

The Cairo Economic Summit will take place as scheduled. Egypt is preparing for it and anticipating a constructive conference. This conference comes in the context of Egypt's overall structural reform program, initiated twelve years ago, when the government set out "to make Egypt a better place to live." This program

۹ اکتبر ۱۹۹۶

Reform, Subsidies, and the Economics of Peace

In 1989 Jordan began implementing an economic reform program. The program was interrupted by the Gulf crisis but resumed in 1992 encompassing both economic and political reforms. Objectives of Reform The government's main objective in reform is to enhance the lives of Jordanian citizens. It would seem that basic economic

۱ اکتبر ۱۹۹۶

The Dilemmas of Economic Growth in the Middle East

Leaders of the Middle East, along with leaders around the world, can create a new path toward economic development and prosperity in the Middle East. The alternative would be to descend into regional instability bred by a 3 percent annual Middle East population growth. But leaders need to deflate their

۵ اوت ۱۹۹۶

Visions for Opportunity and Growth

Throughout history, immigration to Israel has been responsible for the state's growth, development, and vitality. As a result, the relationship between immigrants and Israeli society plays an important role in the characteristics of the state. The challenge that has confronted Israel since 1948 has been how to maintain natural cohesion

۱ اوت ۱۹۹۶

Prospects for the Palestinian Authority:

Politics, Economics, and the Impact of the PNC Meeting

Although the enemies of peace threaten to return to the bloodshed of the past, the peace process has defined a new Palestinian-Israeli dynamic, a relationship of peace. The persistence of the process in the face of so many threats is a testament to the commitment of both the Palestinians and

۳ ژوئن ۱۹۹۶

Iran's Fragile Economy:

Problems and Prospects

When he came into office, Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani promised a "new Iran" that would be prosperous and powerful; he continued to blame the West -- America, in particular -- rather than recognizing Iran's economic failings. Today, none of this vision has been fulfilled. Instead, the regime faces a deepening

۲۲ مهٔ ۱۹۹۶

The Stakes in the Iraq Oil Sales Dispute

Iraq and the United Nations are in the fourth round of negotiations about terms for implementing UN Security Council Resolution 986 -- an arrangement to permit limited and controlled oil sales to provide Baghdad with funds to purchase humanitarian goods. The talks hit a snag in late April, when the

۱۴ مهٔ ۱۹۹۶

Patrick Clawson

Beyond the Headlines:

Long-Term Trends in Mideast Stability

Day-by-day events of the Middle East -- from conflict in South Lebanon, to terrorism in Cairo, to elections in Israel -- obscure already well-established, longer-running economic trends that are having a profound impact on the shape of the region for years to come. Increasing populations, declining oil revenues and the

۳ مهٔ ۱۹۹۶

Simon Henderson

In-Depth Reports

Syria Beyond the Peace Process

While the pursuit of Arab-Israeli peace justly remains the dominant U.S. interest in the Levant, it is important to assess Syrian politics through a wider political lens. Since coming to power in 1970, Assad has imposed a brutal, authoritarian police state that has brought an unprecedented measure of stability to

۱ فوریهٔ ۱۹۹۶

Turkish Customs Union with Europe:

What's at Stake

As the United States and its Western allies prepare to invest treasure and troops in Bosnia in order to support stability in the Balkans, European Parliamentarians in Strasbourg have the opportunity to support regional stability merely by raising their hands to vote in favor of a customs union agreement with

۱۳ دسامبر ۱۹۹۵

Alan Makovsky

America, Iran, and the Allies:

To Halifax and Beyond

In recent weeks, President Clinton has taken unilateral action against Iran (imposing a ban on U.S. private investment and trade) and has attempted bilateral diplomacy (with Russia) to curtail Tehran's efforts to acquire nuclear power and technology. Because neither of these two initiatives can by themselves succeed in "containing" Iran

۱۵ مهٔ ۱۹۹۵

Chernomyrdin in the Gulf and Russia's Emerging Policy

As Israeli Prime Minister Rabin visits Washington, Russian Prime Minister Victor Chernomyrdin is in the Persian Gulf on a visit to several Arab Gulf states. Chernomyrdin's trip is the latest in a series of diplomatic visits, initiatives and high level statements which cumulatively signal that Russian policy toward the Gulf

۱۰ نوامبر ۱۹۹۴

In-Depth Reports

The Economy of Saudi Arabia:

Troubled Present, Grim Future

The kingdom of Saudi Arabia faces a grim economic future. Contrary to predictions in the late 1970s and early 1980s of rising prices for Middle Eastern oil, world oil demands and prices have followed a downward trend since 1981, resulting in a reduction in Saudi oil revenues. Since 1983 Saudi

۳۱ اوت ۱۹۹۴

In-Depth Reports

Tourism Cooperation in the Levant

Tourism offers an opportunity to promote the economic development of the Levant, demonstrate the material rewards of peace, and forge cooperation between Israel and its neighbors. To be economically sound, however, regional cooperation must generate additional tourism, rather than redistributing existing visitors. Foreign governments and international aid agencies can encourage

۱ مهٔ ۱۹۹۴

Patrick Clawson

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Supported by the

Bernstein Program on Gulf and Energy Policy

The Washington Institute's Bernstein Program on Gulf and Energy Policy embodies the Institute's long-term research focus on the conservative Arab Gulf states -- Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the UAE, and Oman -- and the key role these countries play collectively as a primary source of the world's oil and natural gas.

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