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Iraq's Nuclear Weapons Program:

Past, Present, and Future Challenges

Iraq's nuclear program consisted of two elements: a long-range program dating back to the early 1980's and a crash program initiated after the 1990 invasion of Kuwait. Has Iraq not invaded Kuwait, its long-range nuclear program, involving the enrichment of uranium by various means, probably would have yielded a small

۱۸ فوریهٔ ۱۹۹۸

Articles & Testimony

The Case for Hitting Hard at Saddam

Now that a broad consensus has emerged in government circles on the need to use force against Saddam Hussein, Washington should stay the course. It should not be deterred by last-minute Russian or French diplomacy, by inconclusive United Nations debates or-perhaps the biggest obstacle of all-by its own self-doubts. Iraq

۸ فوریهٔ ۱۹۹۸

Alan Makovsky

Iraq's Biological Warfare Program:

Past, Present, and Future Challenges

1974: Iraqi BW program begun at Salman Pak as the al-Hazan Ibn al-Hathem Institute under the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Funded by Iraqi Intelligence Ministry, first employees are Ministry of Defense personnel (subsequent employees recruited from universities). Initially a joint effort to produce weapons for both clandestine

۶ فوریهٔ ۱۹۹۸

PeaceWatch/PolicyWatch Anthology 1997

۱ فوریهٔ ۱۹۹۸

Current Iraqi Military Capabilities:

With the Clinton administration warning that its patience with Iraq is wearing thin and that military strikes could be just around the corner, it is useful to revisit the question of Iraq's current ability to respond militarily to a new round of conflict. Barely a Paper Tiger. The Iraqi armed

۲۹ ژانویهٔ ۱۹۹۸

Kenneth Pollack

Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction:

Current and Future Challenges

UNSCOM has been able to establish that in the second half of 1986, Iraq began work on at least fifteen different missile systems, in hopes of finding a weapon that would allow them to put pressure on Iran to end the war. Iraq has admitted to all fifteen of these

۲۴ ژانویهٔ ۱۹۹۸

The Crisis with Iraq:

Reviving the Military Option

Saddam Husayn's speech last Saturday marking the anniversary of Operation Desert Storm confirmed that the current impasse is no ordinary Iraq crisis. Saddam gave the Security Council until May 20 to lift sanctions on Iraq or he would cease cooperation with the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM). Saddam's speech also

۲۲ ژانویهٔ ۱۹۹۸

Michael Eisenstadt
Kenneth Pollack

Dual Containment:

Revive It or Replace It?

Washington must face the problem that both the large powers in the Persian Gulf-Iran and Iraq-have regimes unwilling to live in peace with their neighbors or the United States. Several approaches to these vexatious regimes tried by the West have been unsuccessful. Both the reliance on a regional power to

۱۸ دسامبر ۱۹۹۷

Patrick Clawson

Confronting Saddam:

The Challenge Ahead

In confronting the UN Special Commission for the Disarmament of Iraq (UNSCOM), Saddam has two apparently contradictory goals: keeping his weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and lifting the UN sanctions on Iraq. According to UN Resolution 687, Iraq was required to provide a full and final disclosure concerning its WMD

۲۶ نوامبر ۱۹۹۷

Oil, Business, and the Future of Iraqi Sanctions

The most recent episode of the ongoing Iraq saga ended last week with at least one permanent member of the UN Security Council-Russia-committing itself to work for the end of UN sanctions, especially the oil export ban. Other Council members (e.g., France, China and Egypt) have also voiced strong support

۲۴ نوامبر ۱۹۹۷

The Doha Conference:

With the world focused on the UN-Iraqi standoff, the fourth annual Middle East/North Africa (MENA) Economic Conference concluded quietly in Qatar earlier this week. As Arab world heavyweights Egypt and Saudi Arabia officially boycotted the proceedings, the MENA summit ended on an ambivalent note: Though viewed as a general success

۲۱ نوامبر ۱۹۹۷

Lori Plotkin Boghardt

The Iraq Outcome:

A Hollow Victory for U.S. Policy

To the Clinton Administration, the Iraq crisis appears headed toward a satisfactory outcome. As a result of the UN Security Council's unanimous condemnation of Iraq and imposition of additional (if modest) new sanctions, Saddam seems to have succumbed to the will of the international community, with UNSCOM inspectors soon returning

۲۰ نوامبر ۱۹۹۷

Robert Satloff

Military Action against Iraq:

Critical Considerations

As Secretary of State Madeleine Albright prepares to meet with the foreign ministers of Britain, France, and Russia tonight in Geneva to discuss a possible diplomatic solution to the standoff between Iraq and the UN, Washington continues preparations for a military option: the U.S.S. George Washington carrier battle group is

۱۹ نوامبر ۱۹۹۷

Michael Eisenstadt

The Crisis with Iraq:

Options for U.S. Policy

Saddam Husayn probably had several motives in seeking to disrupt UN weapons inspections. First, he sought to undermine the effectiveness of the UN weapons inspectors, if not expel them altogether, because they are the main obstacle to his efforts to transform Iraq into a regional power. Second, Saddam currently has

۱۸ نوامبر ۱۹۹۷

Michael Eisenstadt
Kenneth Pollack

Responding to Iraq:

Crises and Opportunities

On Wednesday, Iraq announced that the American inspectors of the United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) had one week to leave the country. For good measure, Baghdad demanded that UNSCOM cease using American U-2 spy planes as part of its efforts to enforce the dismantling of Iraq's weapons of

۳۱ اکتبر ۱۹۹۷

Kenneth Pollack

Iraqi Violations of UN Resolutions since the Gulf War

Iraq's announcement yesterday banning the participation of U.S. citizens in future inspection missions of the UN Special Commission investigating Iraq's weapons of mass destruction program is the latest in a long series of Iraqi challenges to the UN Security Council. Since the end of the Gulf War, however, the Security

۳۰ اکتبر ۱۹۹۷

Fragility of Modern Arab States:

The Case of Iraq

The nation-state is not a familiar concept in the Middle East. It has no equivalent in the political traditions of the region. In classical Islam the state is a theocracy, a community of God governed by the Prophet Muhammad and his immediate successors. Such a state was not constrained by

۲۳ ژوئن ۱۹۹۷

An Iraqi-Syrian Entente?

Prospects and Implications

On June 2, after a seventeen-year closure, Syria opened its border at three points to its neighbor and long-time rival Iraq. The move, coming amidst unusual reciprocal visits of Iraqi and Syrian business delegations to each others' capitals, suggests an economic marriage of convenience. There is a possibility, however, that

۱۱ ژوئن ۱۹۹۷

In-Depth Reports

A Chronology of Diminishing Response:

UN Reactions to Iraqi Provocations since the Gulf War

Offers a chronological summary and analysis of UN reactions to Iraq's most flagrant violations of relevant UN resolutions from the end of the Gulf War through April 1997. The author shows that Security Council responses to Iraqi violations became noticeably forgiving over time -- particularly when compared with Council reactions

۱ ژوئن ۱۹۹۷

Greg Saiontz

Jordan's Agenda:

Israel, Iraq, and the Home Front

With Arab League foreign ministers, meeting in Cairo today, taking their most critical stance against Israel since the start of the Madrid peace process—"recommending" that member-states "stop all normalization" with Israel, suspend participation in the multilateral talks, and "reactivate" the Arab boycott—tomorrow's meeting between President Clinton and Jordan's King Hussein

۳۱ مارس ۱۹۹۷

Lori Plotkin Boghardt

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