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Democracy & Reform

Policy Analysis on Democracy & Reform

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Brief Analysis
Here’s How State Department Cuts Would Impede U.S. Policy in the Middle East
The Trump administration’s budget cuts, intended to make America “safer, stronger, and more prosperous,” could wind up harming U.S. interests in the region while strengthening Russian and Chinese media warfare.
Jul 3, 2025
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  • Ben Fishman
  • Elizabeth Surman
Two Iranian women hug each other while a country's flag and a portrait of an Iran-Israel war victim are projected on the Azadi (Freedom) Monument in western Tehran, Iran, on June 25, 2025 - source: Reuters
Video
Brief Analysis
Iran on Day 13: Gauging Regime Choices and Public Attitudes After the War
Two human rights experts discuss the chances that Iran’s domestic crackdown will escalate under the ceasefire, while a former CIA manager explains why the clock is rapidly ticking away on key elements needed to effectively monitor the damaged nuclear program.
Jul 3, 2025
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  • Holly Dagres
  • Roya Boroumand
  • Norman Roule
A Sudanese protester against military rule
Brief Analysis
To Resolve Sudan’s Conflict, Merge the Jeddah and Quad Tracks
The best way to bolster the Trump administration’s new “Quad” initiative is by combining it with a previous Saudi-American platform that already has significant buy-in from the warring parties.
Jul 2, 2025
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  • Areig Elhag
Syrian Christians demonstrate in Damascus following the suicide bombing of the Mar Elias church - source: Reuters
Brief Analysis
The Damascus Church Attack: Who Is Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah?
Although definitively identifying the group responsible for the bombing may take more time, authorities in Damascus and Washington already have more than enough information to beef up their security cooperation and reassure Syrian minorities that they won’t be targeted.
Jun 25, 2025
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  • Aaron Y. Zelin
An Iranian soldier wearing an IRGC uniform salutes in front of an Iranin flag - source: Reuters
Brief Analysis
Is the Islamic Republic Starting to Crack? The Signs to Watch
Although the crisis has not yet checked all the boxes that would signal fatal regime vulnerability, the situation could change quickly due to shifting conditions on the battlefield, on the streets, or within the halls of power in Tehran.
Jun 24, 2025
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  • Holly Dagres
A Syrian woman holds a portrait of her missing son during a protest against the Assad regime in 2012 - source: Reuters
Brief Analysis
Without Accountability, Syria’s Sectarian Violence Will Only Worsen
The government’s plans for (and capacity to carry out) amnesties and transitional justice remain uncertain, spurring some Sunnis and Alawites to take matters into their own hands and contribute to a rising wave of intercommunal violence.
Jun 10, 2025
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  • Kayla Koontz
  • Gregory Waters
An Islamic State fighter waves an ISIS flag while brandishing an automatic rifle in Raqaa, Syria - source: Reuters
Articles & Testimony
Everyday Life in the Islamic State’s Wilayat al-Raqqah
An in-depth study of how the Islamic State’s administrative apparatus and activities in its Syrian “capital” affected local residents, and how it sought to instrumentalize the populace in a quest to sustain its wider international state-building project for the long term.
May 2025
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  • Aaron Y. Zelin
Articles & Testimony
Libya Is At Its Lowest Point Since 2020
Now that Libya has become an outright kleptocracy—with billions missing from the public treasury and national politics frozen—the Trump administration may need to throw a sanctions “grenade” into the mix.
May 9, 2025
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  • Ben Fishman
Photo of a Syrian soldier clearing landmines in Idlib province.
Video
Brief Analysis
Syria Trip Report: Next Steps for U.S. Policy
Watch or read an in-depth conversation with three experts who have spent weeks on the ground in Syria and met with the interim authorities who toppled the Assad regime.
May 8, 2025
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  • Aaron Y. Zelin
  • Caroline Rose
  • Gareth Browne
Iranian presidential candidate Masoud Pezeshkian poses in front of a poster of Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei prior to Iran's 2024 presidential elections - source: Reuters
Brief Analysis
Pragmatists Open a Window in Tehran—But for How Long?
Regime officials and the Supreme Leader himself have signaled a willingness to make unprecedented concessions, but taking advantage of this opening will require careful U.S. messaging on counterterrorism, regional deterrence, and human rights.
May 7, 2025
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  • Hamdi Malik
Brief Analysis
How to Ensure the PLO Meeting Goes Beyond Token Reforms
Although President Abbas seems more focused on meeting diplomatic expectations abroad than dealing with burning issues at home, officials should still push him to propose something beyond cosmetic change—both to address the reality in the West Bank and, perhaps, to legitimize the PA’s eventual return to Gaza.
Apr 22, 2025
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  • Neomi Neumann
A member of Jordan's Muslim Brotherhood speaks - source: Reuters
Brief Analysis
The Brotherhood May Have Pushed Jordan Too Far This Time
As revelations continue to unfold about the group’s involvement in militant plots, weapons smuggling, and coordination with foreign accomplices, Amman will likely feel obligated to crack down—the question is how much?
Apr 22, 2025
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  • Ghaith al-Omari
Iranian women display their national flag at a soccer game - source: Reuters
Articles & Testimony
Trump Shouldn’t Forget the Iranian People
As nuclear talks proceed, the president should recall his past acknowledgement that respect for human rights and democracy is “an integral component of U.S. national security.”
Apr 12, 2025
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  • Holly Dagres
  • Azadeh Pourzand
  • Kelly Shannon
Syria's interim president Ahmed al-Sharaa meets with Turkey's president Erdogan in Ankara in 2025 - source: Reuters
Video
Brief Analysis
Between Israel and Turkey, Implications for the New Syria (Part 2)
A former Israeli military official and a Turkey expert discuss what each government wants from Syria, how they can address their most glaring friction points, and what the Trump administration can do to mediate the process.
Apr 10, 2025
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  • Soner Cagaptay
  • Assaf Orion
An Iraqi member of a Shia PMF militia
Brief Analysis
The Danger of Letting Iraq’s PMF Authority Law Pass
The Trump administration needs to quietly but firmly signal Baghdad that enshrining the militia umbrella group as a de facto “Iraqi IRGC” would pose an unacceptable threat to U.S. interests.
Apr 8, 2025
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  • Michael Knights
Fighters of Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), walk together near Baghouz, Deir Al Zor province - source: Reuters
Brief Analysis
Facilitating the New SDF Agreement Is Key to Stabilizing Syria
The Kurdish-led group has reached important understandings with the new leadership in Damascus, but finalizing and implementing them while resolving points of contention will require further help from the United States and its partners.
Apr 2, 2025
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  • Wladimir van Wilgenburg
Anti-Hamas protesters demonstrate in Gaza in March 2025 - source: Reuters
Brief Analysis
Gaza Protests Can Contribute to Outside Pressure on Hamas
Although the unusually bold demonstrations are unlikely to shake the group’s local control, they have cracked the barrier of fear that Hamas nurtured inside Gaza and offer an opportunity to amplify alternative Palestinian voices.
Mar 27, 2025
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  • Neomi Neumann
  • Nikhil Samuel
An Iraqi member of a Shia PMF militia
Brief Analysis
Iraq’s PMF Law Is No Substitute for Real Security Reform
The Trump administration should not be duped by the supposed “reforms” that militia leaders are considering in parliament, which threaten to turn the PMF into another Iranian “Revolutionary Guard” and keep U.S.-designated terrorists in key posts.
Mar 17, 2025
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  • Hamdi Malik
  • Michael Knights
Photo showing Gaza residents spinning sparklers at the start of Ramadan, March 2025.
Video
Brief Analysis
Gaza Phase 2: Sorting Out the Political and Security Scenarios
What do Palestinians, Israelis, and external players see as the best option for Gaza and its people now that the first phase of the ceasefire is complete?
Mar 14, 2025
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  • Neomi Neumann
  • Harel Chorev
  • Tamar Hermann
  • Ghaith al-Omari
  • David Schenker
The Syria Breakdown Series Title Card
Video
Articles & Testimony
Hope for al-Hol? The Syria Breakdown, Episode Six
Does Syria's transition away from Assad regime tyranny offer hope for closing detention camps, which have been home to thousands of internally displaced persons and Islamic State supporters?
Mar 13, 2025
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  • Devorah Margolin
◆ The Syria Breakdown

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Supported by the

Project Fikra: Defeating Extremism through the Power of Ideas

Fikra n. [Arabic] "Idea"

The Washington Institute's Project Fikra is a multiyear program of research, publication, and network-building designed to generate policy ideas for promoting positive change and countering the spread of extremism in the Middle East.

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Featured experts

Catherine Cleveland
Catherine Cleveland
Catherine Cleveland is The Washington Institute's Croft-Wagner Family Senior Fellow and managing editor of Fikra Forum.
Ben Fishman
Ben Fishman
Ben Fishman is the Steven D. Levy Senior Fellow in the Linda and Tony Rubin Program on Arab Politics at The Washington Institute, where he focuses on North Africa.
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